"Big Bang" experiment advancing fast

After a year's delay, scientists at the world's biggest accelerator have restarted an experiment to recreate "Big Bang" conditions that had sparked suggestions the earth would be sucked in by millions of black holes.

Scientists at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) have established circulating particle beams in both directions in the underground Large Hadron Collider, a step that is already beyond where the experiment stalled during a first attempt in September 2008, CERN spokesman James Gillies said.

The high-profile experiment, through which tiny particles are smashed in a bid to learn more about the birth of the universe, failed just nine days after it was launched due to a technical problem that took longer than expected to fix.

"We are further advanced now than where we were after five days of experiment last year," said CERN's Director for Accelerators Steve Myers, saying the extra year had allowed researchers to upgrade instrumentations and computer software.

Myers added that researchers had increased the sensitivity of the protections at the 10 billion Swiss franc ($9.82 billion) collider under the French-Swiss border.

Stealthy Nanoparticles Attack Cancer Cells

Drugs embedded in special polymers can more effectively shrink tumors.

This article is quoted from Technology Review

In a small manufacturing space on a Cambridge, MA, street dotted with biotech companies, Greg Troiano tinkers with a series of gleaming metal vats interweaved with plastic tubes. The vats are designed to violently shake a mix of chemicals into precise nanostructures, and Troiano's task, as head of process development at start-up BIND Biosciences, is to make kilograms of the stuff--a novel drug-infused nanoparticle. The company hopes the new drug-delivery system will diminish the side effects of chemotherapy while increasing its effectiveness in killing cancer.

Scientists at BIND have shown that their nanoparticles--which are not only infused with drugs but also enrobed in cancer-targeting proteins--can better stop the growth of prostate, breast and lung tumors in rodents. BIND has made particles that can remain in the bloodstream for more than a day, increasing the likelihood that the drug will reach its target tissue. It is also refining a method for making large volumes of its nanoparticle-based delivery system in preparation for clinical trials of its technology in cancer patients next year.

The company's approach is based on self-assembling polymers developed in the lab of Robert Langer, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT and a pioneer in biomaterials research. Langer founded BIND in 2006 with Omid Farokhzad, a scientist and physician at Harvard Medical School and a former postdoctoral researcher in Langer's lab.

"The idea of using nanoparticles is to lower the dose while maintaining efficacy and reducing side effects," says Piotr Grodzinski, director of the Nanotechnology for Cancer Programs at the National Cancer Institute, in Bethesda, MD. Grodzinski said in some cases the nanoparticles could be used to increase the dose while reducing toxicity. This is especially important for chemotherapeutics, which often must be administered in high doses that result in severe side effects--so severe that some patients choose to forgo the treatment.

1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition also known as Huisgen reaction

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition which is also known as Huisgen cycloaddition or Huisgen reaction, it is a member of the larger class of cycloadditions. It is name back to the German Chemist Rolf Huisgen (June 13, 1920) science his big contributions in chemistry specially in German and Austria. It can be summarized as the reaction between 1,3-dipolar species with dipolarophile to form a five-membered ring. It is a powerful tool for the formation of heterocyclic rings, since the great diversity in each of 1,3-dipole and dipolarophile species within the reaction as we shall see shortly.

Introduction

As mentioned before, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is the single most important method for the construction of five-membered heterocyclic rings in organic chemistry. It is a concerted reaction, concerted reactions is a term used for reactions in which the bond making and bond breaking occurs simultaneously, one of it is benefits is stereospecific creation of new chiral centers in organic molecules. When 1,2-disubstituted alkene is involved in concerted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, two new chiral centers are formed on the alkene in a stereospecific manner because of the syn attack on the double bond. This is shown for reactions of the two types of 1,3-dipoles (allyl anion type and propargyl/allenyl anion type) Scheme 1, also see table 1. Thus the relative stereochemistry at C-4 and C-5 is always controlled by the geometric relationship of the substituents on the alkenes for the concerted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Depending on the structure of the dipole, up to four contiguous chiral centers can be formed in 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition reaction in a single step and the challenge nowadays for the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions is to control the absolute stereoselectivity of the reaction by the application of chiral metal catalysts.

Introduction in Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry

Level: Basic
Source: Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry
             An Easy Approach to Understanding Reaction Mechanisms
Author: Daniel E. Levy
Publisher: Wiley


The study of organic chemistry focuses on the chemistry of materials essential for life. Organic chemistry is a general requirement for most students pursuing degrees in the fields of biology, physiology, medicine, chemical engineering, biochemistry, and chemistry.organic chemistry defines the science surrounding the chemistry of elements essential for life to exist. In addition to carbon, the most common elements present in organic molecules are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and various halogens. Through the study of organic chemistry, our understanding of the forces binding these elements to one another and how these bonds can be manipulated are explored. In general, our ability to manipulate organic molecules is influenced by several factors that include the nature of functional groups near sites of reaction, the nature of reagents utilized in reactions, and the nature of potential leaving groups. Additionally, these three factors impart further variables that influence the course of organic reactions.For example, the nature of the reagents used in given reactions can influence the reaction mechanisms and ultimately the reaction products.By recognizing the interplay between these factors and by applying principles of arrow pushing, which will be disscused here and in many other posts,reasonable predictions of organic mechanisms and products can be realized without the burden of committing to memory the wealth of organic reactions studied in introductory courses.In this article, the concept of arrow pushing is defined in context with various reaction types, functional groups, mechanism types, reagents/nucleophiles, and leaving groups. In this post, the concept of arrow pushing is defined in context with various reaction types, functionl groups, mechanism types, reagents/nucleophiles and leaving groups.

Definition of Arrow Pushing

Organic chemistry is generally presented through a treatment of how organic chemicals are converted from starting materials to products. For example, the Witting reaction (Scheme 1) is used for the conversion of aldehydes and ketones into olefines, the Diels-Alder reaction (Scheme 2) is use for the formation of six-membered ring systems, and treatment of alkyl halides with reagents such as tributyltin hydride (Scheme 3) results in removal of the associated halides. However, by presenting these reacions as illustrated in Schemes 1, 2 and 3 no explanations is provided as to how the starting materials end us as their respective products.

Swine Flu (H1N1): Definition, Symptoms, Prevention

Previously I post in my blogger information about the 2009 swine flu vaccinations effects on humans being. And based on the above, I decided to post an article about the definition, symptoms and how to prevent your self and family from this pandemic virus, since vaccinations developed arround the world until now are still in the experiment stage or has side effects appear on the long-term. You will find also some useful links to other web sites specialized in this area. Also if you have others you can post them in comments.

Since June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the H1N1 flu (some times called swine flu) as a pandemic and warn all the health organizations worldwide to develop strategies to combat and reduce the spread of virus. H1N1 virus spreads from person to person (contagious), probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread mainly through coughing or sneezing by infected people, sometimes by touching viral infected surfaces or objects then touching their mouth or nose. The good news that most people who have become ill with this new virus have recovered with out requiring medical treatment, by the human immune system and other natural body's defences. Therefore, I will refer again to Dr. Mercola's article I post it earlier which shows the great side effect in H1N1 vaccinations. And therefore may not be needed to address these doses stimulating the immune system, which could harm our health in the long run, but we follow the popular saying "Prevention is better than Cure".

The Swine Flu (H1N1) Vaccine’s Dirty Little Secret Exposed

Actually, while searching over the internet I read this article for Dr. Mercola which shows the secrets of the vaccines used and discovered until now in the world. This article shows the great side effect of these vaccines on the body, specially on the immune system, which will appears as an autoimmune disorder disease a few years later.

These Vaccinations are dangerous even those from Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline because they contains number of chemical toxins, including ethylene glycol (antifreeze), formaldehyde, phenol (carbolic acid) and even antibiotics like Neomycin and streptomycin. In addition to all of these it contain immune adjuvants like aluminum and squalene to enhance (turbo charge) your immune response to the vaccination. Note that the main ingredient in Vaccine is either killed viruses or once that have been attenuated (weakened and made less harmful)....

And here is the secret of these vaccinations it is based on immune adjuvants to overreact to the introduction of the organisms you are being vaccinated against.