Introduction in Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry

Level: Basic
Source: Arrow Pushing in Organic Chemistry
             An Easy Approach to Understanding Reaction Mechanisms
Author: Daniel E. Levy
Publisher: Wiley


The study of organic chemistry focuses on the chemistry of materials essential for life. Organic chemistry is a general requirement for most students pursuing degrees in the fields of biology, physiology, medicine, chemical engineering, biochemistry, and chemistry.organic chemistry defines the science surrounding the chemistry of elements essential for life to exist. In addition to carbon, the most common elements present in organic molecules are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and various halogens. Through the study of organic chemistry, our understanding of the forces binding these elements to one another and how these bonds can be manipulated are explored. In general, our ability to manipulate organic molecules is influenced by several factors that include the nature of functional groups near sites of reaction, the nature of reagents utilized in reactions, and the nature of potential leaving groups. Additionally, these three factors impart further variables that influence the course of organic reactions.For example, the nature of the reagents used in given reactions can influence the reaction mechanisms and ultimately the reaction products.By recognizing the interplay between these factors and by applying principles of arrow pushing, which will be disscused here and in many other posts,reasonable predictions of organic mechanisms and products can be realized without the burden of committing to memory the wealth of organic reactions studied in introductory courses.In this article, the concept of arrow pushing is defined in context with various reaction types, functional groups, mechanism types, reagents/nucleophiles, and leaving groups. In this post, the concept of arrow pushing is defined in context with various reaction types, functionl groups, mechanism types, reagents/nucleophiles and leaving groups.

Definition of Arrow Pushing

Organic chemistry is generally presented through a treatment of how organic chemicals are converted from starting materials to products. For example, the Witting reaction (Scheme 1) is used for the conversion of aldehydes and ketones into olefines, the Diels-Alder reaction (Scheme 2) is use for the formation of six-membered ring systems, and treatment of alkyl halides with reagents such as tributyltin hydride (Scheme 3) results in removal of the associated halides. However, by presenting these reacions as illustrated in Schemes 1, 2 and 3 no explanations is provided as to how the starting materials end us as their respective products.

Swine Flu (H1N1): Definition, Symptoms, Prevention

Previously I post in my blogger information about the 2009 swine flu vaccinations effects on humans being. And based on the above, I decided to post an article about the definition, symptoms and how to prevent your self and family from this pandemic virus, since vaccinations developed arround the world until now are still in the experiment stage or has side effects appear on the long-term. You will find also some useful links to other web sites specialized in this area. Also if you have others you can post them in comments.

Since June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the H1N1 flu (some times called swine flu) as a pandemic and warn all the health organizations worldwide to develop strategies to combat and reduce the spread of virus. H1N1 virus spreads from person to person (contagious), probably in much the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread mainly through coughing or sneezing by infected people, sometimes by touching viral infected surfaces or objects then touching their mouth or nose. The good news that most people who have become ill with this new virus have recovered with out requiring medical treatment, by the human immune system and other natural body's defences. Therefore, I will refer again to Dr. Mercola's article I post it earlier which shows the great side effect in H1N1 vaccinations. And therefore may not be needed to address these doses stimulating the immune system, which could harm our health in the long run, but we follow the popular saying "Prevention is better than Cure".

The Swine Flu (H1N1) Vaccine’s Dirty Little Secret Exposed

Actually, while searching over the internet I read this article for Dr. Mercola which shows the secrets of the vaccines used and discovered until now in the world. This article shows the great side effect of these vaccines on the body, specially on the immune system, which will appears as an autoimmune disorder disease a few years later.

These Vaccinations are dangerous even those from Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline because they contains number of chemical toxins, including ethylene glycol (antifreeze), formaldehyde, phenol (carbolic acid) and even antibiotics like Neomycin and streptomycin. In addition to all of these it contain immune adjuvants like aluminum and squalene to enhance (turbo charge) your immune response to the vaccination. Note that the main ingredient in Vaccine is either killed viruses or once that have been attenuated (weakened and made less harmful)....

And here is the secret of these vaccinations it is based on immune adjuvants to overreact to the introduction of the organisms you are being vaccinated against.